عامل نخر الورم ألفا

Tumor necrosis factor
Tumor necrosis factor
	بنك بيانات البروتينات rendering based on 1TNF.
التراكيب المتوفرة
بنك بيانات البروتين	بحث أورثولوغ: PDBe, RCSB
قائمة رموز معرفات بنك بيانات البروتين
	1A8M, 1TNF, 2AZ5, 2E7A, 2TUN, 2ZJC, 2ZPX, 3ALQ, 3IT8, 3L9J, 3WD5, 4G3Y, 4TSV, 4TWT, 5TSW
المعرفات
الرمز، (أو الرموز)	TNF; DIF; TNF-alpha; TNFA; TNFSF2
معرفات خارجية	OMIM: 191160 MGI: 104798 هومولوجين: 496 مختبر علم الأحياء الجزيئي الأوروبي الكيميائي: 1825 بطاقات الجينات: TNF Gene
علم الوجود الجيني
الوظيفة الجزيئية	• protease binding; • cytokine activity; • tumor necrosis factor receptor binding; • protein binding; • identical protein binding; • transcription regulatory region DNA binding;
المكونات الخلوية	• phagocytic cup; • extracellular region; • extracellular space; • plasma membrane; • integral component of plasma membrane; • external side of plasma membrane; • cell surface; • membrane raft; • recycling endosome;
العملية الإحيائية	• protein import into nucleus, translocation; • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • MAPK cascade; • activation of MAPKKK activity; • activation of MAPK activity; • positive regulation of cytokine production; • positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; • chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; • negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response; • positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; • positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin; • glucose metabolic process; • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • transformed cell apoptotic process; • inflammatory response; • humoral immune response; • cell surface receptor signaling pathway; • JNK cascade; • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage; • response to virus; • response to salt stress; • positive regulation of gene expression; • negative regulation of gene expression; • negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity; • negative regulation of lipid storage; • extracellular matrix organization; • osteoclast differentiation; • sequestering of triglyceride; • positive regulation of protein complex assembly; • positive regulation of fever generation; • lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; • negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; • positive regulation of chemokine production; • positive regulation of interferon-gamma production; • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; • positive regulation of interleukin-8 production; • receptor biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; • tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway; • positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; • positive regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of programmed cell death; • regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; • negative regulation of protein complex disassembly; • positive regulation of protein complex disassembly; • positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity; • protein kinase B signaling; • positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; • negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host; • negative regulation of viral genome replication; • positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process; • negative regulation of fat cell differentiation; • negative regulation of myoblast differentiation; • negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation; • positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation; • positive regulation of cell adhesion; • positive regulation of protein kinase activity; • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • positive regulation of translational initiation by iron; • negative regulation of glucose import; • embryonic digestive tract development; • positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; • positive regulation of cytokine secretion; • positive regulation of phagocytosis; • regulation of insulin secretion; • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; • leukocyte tethering or rolling; • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process; • regulation of immunoglobulin secretion; • positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis; • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; • positive regulation of protein transport; • response to glucocorticoid; • positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus; • positive regulation of hair follicle development; • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling; • positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity; • epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis; • regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis; • negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis; • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; • cellular response to amino acid stimulus; • cellular response to nicotine; • cellular response to organic cyclic compound; • death-inducing signaling complex assembly; • positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration; • positive regulation of podosome assembly; • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; • necroptotic signaling pathway; • positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface; • positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production; • negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand;
	المصادر: Amigo / QuickGO
نمط التعبير عن الحمض النووي الريبوزي
	مصادر أخرى عن بيانات أنماط التعبير
التقويمات
الأنواع	الإنسان
أنتريه	7124
انسمبل	ENSG00000204490
يونيبروت	P01375
قاعدة بيانات مرجعية (مرسال ر.ن.ا)	NM_000594
قاعدة بيانات مرجعية (بروتين)	NP_000585
الموقع (قاعدة بيانات UCSC)	Chr 6:; 31.58 – 31.58 Mb
بحث ببمد	[1]
	ع; ن; ت;

معلومات عامة
جزء من	Tumour necrosis factor-like domain superfamily (en) ; Tumour necrosis factor alpha (en) ; بروتين غشائي; Tumour necrosis factor domain, protein family (en) ; Tumour necrosis factor, conserved site, protein family (en)
وُجد في الأصنوفة	إنسان عاقل
يشفر بـ	عامل نخر الورم ألفا
الوظيفة الجزيئية	ربط بروتيني; protease binding (en) ; tumor necrosis factor receptor binding (en) ; cytokine activity (en) ; identical protein binding (en)
مكون الخلية	غشاء; cell surface (en) ; مكون تكاملي للغشاء; recycling endosome (en) ; داخل خلوي; integral component of plasma membrane (en) ; phagocytic cup (en) ; external side of plasma membrane (en) ; الفراغ خارج الخلية; غشاء خلوي; طوافات دهنية; خارج خلوي
العملية الحيوية	regulation of protein phosphorylation (en) ; positive regulation of protein phosphorylation (en) ; positive regulation of MAP kinase activity (en) ; response to salt stress (en) ; positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity (en) ; positive regulation of programmed cell death (en) ; positive regulation of JNK cascade (en) ; response to organic substance (en) ; negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation (en) ; positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process (en) ; negative regulation of viral genome replication (en) ; humoral immune response (en)
لديه جزء أو أجزاء	Tumour necrosis factor, conserved site (en) ; Tumour necrosis factor domain (en)

عامل نخر الورم ألفا (بالإنجليزية: Tumor necrosis factor alpha)‏ ومختصره (TNFα) ويسمى أيضا كاككتين (بالإنجليزية: cachectin)‏ أو كاككسين (بالإنجليزية: cachexin)‏ هو بروتين إشارة خلوية (سيتوكين) يشارك في عملية الالتهاب في جسم الإنسان.^[29]^[30]^[31]

حاليا بحذف كلمة ألفا من تسمية عامل نخر الورم ألفا والاكتفاء بتسميته عامل نخر الورم لأن لمفوتوكسين ألفا لم يعد يسمى عامل نخر الورم بيتا.

طالع أيضا

عامل نخر الورم

مراجع

^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د "InterPro Release 71.0". 8 نوفمبر 2018.
^ ^ا ^ب مذكور في: يونيبروت. الوصول: 13 نوفمبر 2019. معرف يونيبروت: P01375. لغة العمل أو لغة الاسم: الإنجليزية.
^ Alan T. Remaley (1 Sep 2011). "Zinc finger protein tristetraprolin interacts with CCL3 mRNA and regulates tissue inflammation" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 2696–701. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Sylvie Fournel (1 Feb 2010). "Multivalent DR5 peptides activate the TRAIL death pathway and exert tumoricidal activity" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 1101–10. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Dieter Adam (28 Dec 2009). "The Polycomb group protein EED couples TNF receptor 1 to neutral sphingomyelinase" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 1112–1117. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Catalytic activity of ADAM8, ADAM15, and MDC-L (ADAM28) on synthetic peptide substrates and in ectodomain cleavage of CD23" (بالإنجليزية). 15 Aug 2003. pp. 30469–77. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و ^ز ^ح ^ط ^ي ^يا ^يب ^يج ^يد ^يه "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.
^ David E. Szymkowski (26 Sep 2003). "Inactivation of TNF signaling by rationally designed dominant-negative TNF variants" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 1895–8. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب "A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, activated by tumor necrosis factor or interleukin-1, inhibits apoptosis but does not activate NFkappaB in human endothelial cells" (بالإنجليزية). 19 May 2000. pp. 15458–65. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ James Murphy (2 Aug 2013). "Lymphotoxin α induces apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammatory signals with the same potency as tumour necrosis factor" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 5283–5297. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ باميلا جيه بيوركمان (نوفمبر 2009). "Crystal structure of TNFα complexed with a poxvirus MHC-related TNF binding protein". ص. 1189–91. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.
^ إي. ايفون جونز (1 Mar 1989). "Structure of tumour necrosis factor" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 225–228. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب Eiichiro Nishi (23 May 2008). "Ectodomain shedding of TNF-alpha is enhanced by nardilysin via activation of ADAM proteases" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 154–8. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب ^ج "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.
^ Matthias Canault (10 Dec 2006). "The shedding activity of ADAM17 is sequestered in lipid rafts" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 3969–80. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved" (بالإنجليزية). 2 May 2003. pp. 15587–94. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ ^ا ^ب "RIP1-mediated AIP1 phosphorylation at a 14-3-3-binding site is critical for tumor necrosis factor-induced ASK1-JNK/p38 activation" (بالإنجليزية). 18 May 2007. pp. 14788–96. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Celia F. Brosnan (1 May 2006). "Gas6/Axl signaling activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt1 survival pathway to protect oligodendrocytes from tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 5638–5648. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "Vascular endothelial growth factor induces heat shock protein (HSP) 27 serine 82 phosphorylation and endothelial tubulogenesis via protein kinase D and independent of p38 kinase" (بالإنجليزية). Jul 2008. pp. 1375–84. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "AIP1 mediates TNF-alpha-induced ASK1 activation by facilitating dissociation of ASK1 from its inhibitor 14-3-3" (بالإنجليزية). Jun 2003. pp. 1933–43. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Eiichiro Nishi (23 May 2008). "Ectodomain shedding of TNF-alpha is enhanced by nardilysin via activation of ADAM proteases" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 154–8. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Chris White (1 Mar 1990). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces vitamin D-1-hydroxylase activity in normal human alveolar macrophages" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 652–656. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ David Staudt (May 2006). "Competitive control of independent programs of tumor necrosis factor receptor-induced cell death by TRADD and RIP1" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 3505–13. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Osvaldo Martinez (14 Dec 2001). "Contrasting effects of IG20 and its splice isoforms, MADD and DENN-SV, on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-8 and -3" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 47202–11. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ "TNF-alpha inhibits HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages by inducing the production of RANTES and decreasing C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) expression" (بالإنجليزية). 1 Oct 1999. pp. 3653–3661. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
^ Olszewski MB، Groot AJ، Dastych J، Knol EF (مايو 2007). "TNF trafficking to human mast cell granules: mature chain-dependent endocytosis". J. Immunol. ج. 178 ع. 9: 5701–9. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5701. PMID:17442953. In human cells, contrary to results previously obtained in a rodent model, TNF seems not to be glycosylated and, thus, trafficking is carbohydrate independent. In an effort to localize the amino acid motif responsible for granule targeting, we constructed additional fusion proteins and analyzed their trafficking, concluding that granule-targeting sequences are localized in the mature chain of TNF and that the cytoplasmic tail is expendable for endocytotic sorting of this cytokine, thus excluding direct interactions with intracellular adaptor proteins
^ Kant S، Swat W، Zhang S، Zhang ZY، Neel BG، Flavell RA، Davis RJ (2011). "TNF-stimulated MAP kinase activation mediated by a Rho family GTPase signaling pathway". Genes Dev. ج. 25 ع. 19: 2069–78. DOI:10.1101/gad.17224711. PMC:3197205. PMID:21979919.
^ Gaur U، Aggarwal BB (2003). "Regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis by members of the TNF superfamily". Biochem. Pharmacol. ج. 66 ع. 8: 1403–8. DOI:10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00490-8. PMID:14555214.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن جين على كروموسوم 6 بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا شارك في تحريرها.

[f5a4b10fbb2a90b38f2d5c9be2e6d89eb7e7e9d8-1] ا ^ب ^ج ^د "InterPro Release 71.0". 8 نوفمبر 2018.

[7286e65bfa71620973b153ea0839288a82406fb1-2] ا ^ب مذكور في: يونيبروت. الوصول: 13 نوفمبر 2019. معرف يونيبروت: P01375. لغة العمل أو لغة الاسم: الإنجليزية.

[dc6e9387f61574ab04cddfa2f648940fdc6c428a-3] Alan T. Remaley (1 Sep 2011). "Zinc finger protein tristetraprolin interacts with CCL3 mRNA and regulates tissue inflammation" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 2696–701. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[3d2ea7c64104a0cb30d94b2c7c3337ccca083efe-4] Sylvie Fournel (1 Feb 2010). "Multivalent DR5 peptides activate the TRAIL death pathway and exert tumoricidal activity" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 1101–10. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[f9ff0ca8ac076cdab88989696592cb380486a0e3-5] Dieter Adam (28 Dec 2009). "The Polycomb group protein EED couples TNF receptor 1 to neutral sphingomyelinase" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 1112–1117. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[5ecfdd8757c358350369abba169a6426e896d8e1-6] "Catalytic activity of ADAM8, ADAM15, and MDC-L (ADAM28) on synthetic peptide substrates and in ectodomain cleavage of CD23" (بالإنجليزية). 15 Aug 2003. pp. 30469–77. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[a4e50c50db8a965ba30d4b5fcf9befbf0ef4584b-7] ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و ^ز ^ح ^ط ^ي ^يا ^يب ^يج ^يد ^يه "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.

[a2d84a9a828cdfaafaf866fa66e3ea2413540882-8] ا ^ب "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.

[ab4faa2152d77ce4d6647cba8c0952b399537572-9] David E. Szymkowski (26 Sep 2003). "Inactivation of TNF signaling by rationally designed dominant-negative TNF variants" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 1895–8. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[3974d7ea2b02bd2edb2bb206c89d54f88d8fa882-10] ا ^ب ^ج ^د ^ه ^و "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.

[2bba016885856258ecc1c49c9bbe253e8d52bb68-11] ا ^ب "A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, activated by tumor necrosis factor or interleukin-1, inhibits apoptosis but does not activate NFkappaB in human endothelial cells" (بالإنجليزية). 19 May 2000. pp. 15458–65. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[950047b9a668fc16f40eb29a95a85b9740987ab6-12] James Murphy (2 Aug 2013). "Lymphotoxin α induces apoptosis, necroptosis and inflammatory signals with the same potency as tumour necrosis factor" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 5283–5297. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[acb0f5c6b1b7bd49eb4e62333ca04110594c53be-13] باميلا جيه بيوركمان (نوفمبر 2009). "Crystal structure of TNFα complexed with a poxvirus MHC-related TNF binding protein". ص. 1189–91. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.

[cffb8adef3387e8d6fd72123396b7eb6a5ec162d-14] إي. ايفون جونز (1 Mar 1989). "Structure of tumour necrosis factor" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 225–228. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[7fec6ffda08ef7083a813234ed44a994657e712d-15] ا ^ب Eiichiro Nishi (23 May 2008). "Ectodomain shedding of TNF-alpha is enhanced by nardilysin via activation of ADAM proteases" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 154–8. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[9e6605189f21f9316e8895c3644927026dfe3488-16] ا ^ب ^ج "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.

[2ad2ef0e2b12dfbbe9104b121c25c361afe6f7e5-17] ا ^ب "GOA". اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2018-03-27.

[f82949da29104b9a7b9cf44b1aa0717786f28001-18] Matthias Canault (10 Dec 2006). "The shedding activity of ADAM17 is sequestered in lipid rafts" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 3969–80. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[fe0321635975c7c500ec406ee7d7bb76f8331ab2-19] "Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved" (بالإنجليزية). 2 May 2003. pp. 15587–94. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[0be812a3ba14677b45671d36cbdaaca1eca71463-20] ا ^ب "RIP1-mediated AIP1 phosphorylation at a 14-3-3-binding site is critical for tumor necrosis factor-induced ASK1-JNK/p38 activation" (بالإنجليزية). 18 May 2007. pp. 14788–96. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[a676d2dbb3c3b9acf152f6772b4af81c9cadbdfd-21] Celia F. Brosnan (1 May 2006). "Gas6/Axl signaling activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt1 survival pathway to protect oligodendrocytes from tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 5638–5648. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[4f0114a67e6d396f2f5432c9ce279306b1d261a6-22] "Vascular endothelial growth factor induces heat shock protein (HSP) 27 serine 82 phosphorylation and endothelial tubulogenesis via protein kinase D and independent of p38 kinase" (بالإنجليزية). Jul 2008. pp. 1375–84. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[8b51422dd8db0df54c7da5748c0820754cd014c3-23] "AIP1 mediates TNF-alpha-induced ASK1 activation by facilitating dissociation of ASK1 from its inhibitor 14-3-3" (بالإنجليزية). Jun 2003. pp. 1933–43. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[79bb9b7ed9dd52219b5419c39787bfe93bbcbd1b-24] Eiichiro Nishi (23 May 2008). "Ectodomain shedding of TNF-alpha is enhanced by nardilysin via activation of ADAM proteases" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 154–8. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[41f0cb6d31473f30c0cae1fac126134e07f6564b-25] Chris White (1 Mar 1990). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces vitamin D-1-hydroxylase activity in normal human alveolar macrophages" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 652–656. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[dfd69f035390ffe1f4479a1ee632b00b79746636-26] David Staudt (May 2006). "Competitive control of independent programs of tumor necrosis factor receptor-induced cell death by TRADD and RIP1" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 3505–13. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[3536b4710e7a55e185092c240a83f76de5ce64ed-27] Osvaldo Martinez (14 Dec 2001). "Contrasting effects of IG20 and its splice isoforms, MADD and DENN-SV, on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-8 and -3" (بالإنجليزية). pp. 47202–11. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[8336a3b53a9e5bcb98e648100ba06da27cfbcdae-28] "TNF-alpha inhibits HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages by inducing the production of RANTES and decreasing C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) expression" (بالإنجليزية). 1 Oct 1999. pp. 3653–3661. Retrieved 2018-03-27.

[29] Olszewski MB، Groot AJ، Dastych J، Knol EF (مايو 2007). "TNF trafficking to human mast cell granules: mature chain-dependent endocytosis". J. Immunol. ج. 178 ع. 9: 5701–9. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5701. PMID:17442953. In human cells, contrary to results previously obtained in a rodent model, TNF seems not to be glycosylated and, thus, trafficking is carbohydrate independent. In an effort to localize the amino acid motif responsible for granule targeting, we constructed additional fusion proteins and analyzed their trafficking, concluding that granule-targeting sequences are localized in the mature chain of TNF and that the cytoplasmic tail is expendable for endocytotic sorting of this cytokine, thus excluding direct interactions with intracellular adaptor proteins

[30] Kant S، Swat W، Zhang S، Zhang ZY، Neel BG، Flavell RA، Davis RJ (2011). "TNF-stimulated MAP kinase activation mediated by a Rho family GTPase signaling pathway". Genes Dev. ج. 25 ع. 19: 2069–78. DOI:10.1101/gad.17224711. PMC:3197205. PMID:21979919.

[31] Gaur U، Aggarwal BB (2003). "Regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis by members of the TNF superfamily". Biochem. Pharmacol. ج. 66 ع. 8: 1403–8. DOI:10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00490-8. PMID:14555214.

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